Proposed Change 2018

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2018
Page: Last modified: 2024-05-22
Code Reference(s):
NECB20 Div.B Appendix C (first printing)
Subject:
NECB Climatic Values
Title:
Updated Climatic Data
Description:
This proposed change updates Table C-1 to incorporate the effects of climate change.
Related Proposed Change(s):
PCF 1979, PCF 1980, PCF 2048
This change could potentially affect the following topic areas:

Problem

In previous editions of the National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings (NECB), climatic data provided in Table C-1 were based on historical weather observations collected and analyzed by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). It was assumed that climatic data were time-independent (or stationary). However, in the face of extensive evidence that the climate is changing across Canada, this practice raises concerns for the design of buildings.

To assess the impacts of climate change trends on the climatic data and their associated climatic loads specified in the NECB, future climatic data sets have been developed by ECCC [1], based on the current body of research in climate modeling. These models simulate how the climate statistics are likely to change in various regions of Canada between 2024 and 2100 under various greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenarios called representative concentration pathways (RCPs). An RCP is a greenhouse gas concentration time profile. Four RCPs were used for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in 2014: RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP8.5 (corresponding to radiative forcing values of 2.6 W/m2, 4.5 W/m2, 6 W/m2 and 8.5 W/m2, respectively, in 2100). These pathways represent different future greenhouse gas concentration time profiles that are possible depending on the volume of greenhouse gases emitted.

There has been international recognition in recent decades that the earth’s climate is changing, with the potential to create higher climatic loads and more adverse environmental conditions than currently specified based on historical observations. The consequences of this pose an increased risk to building integrity and functionality, and occupant life safety. More frequent high heat events also increase risk to occupant life safety.

Justification

The results of targeted research conducted by ECCC [1] specifically designed to address the effect of future projections of climatic conditions were accounted for in the update of each parameter of Table C-1. The proposed approach for building design is based on a 50-year time horizon (from 2025 to 2075) and the RCP8.5 future emissions scenario, corresponding to a 2.5°C global warming compared to the 1986–2016 baseline period. The projected future values are applied to the Table C-1 parameters using the following approach.

For parameters used for building envelope design, such as the effects of snow, rain, wind and moisture, if the projected future value in the 50-year time horizon is greater than the current updated value calculated from historical observations, the projected value is used. If the future value is projected to decrease, the current value is retained. This approach, called the Minimax Method, assures that over the 50-year time horizon the annual risk of failure does not exceed that which has historically been considered as acceptable. For some variables, such as temperature, the governing case for design may be the minimum, while for others, such as wind, it is the maximum. For instance, for wind, projections mostly show increases in reference pressure in future, making the last year of service life the governing case; for heating degree-days, projections show a general warming trend, potentially making the first year of service life the worst. This is deemed an appropriate approach that ensures that the Table C-1 values reflect the maximum loads expected that correspond to the specified annual probability of exceedance.

The non-stationarity of future climate due to the impact of climate change is embedded in Table C-1 using climate change factors derived from regional averages using the Minimax approach [2]. For reference design wind pressures, most areas in Canada have a climate change factor of 1.05, while locations in Ontario, the Atlantic provinces, and west of 120°W in British Columbia have a climate change factor of 1.1. The Minimax approach to adopt future values is applied to the other parameters using the future change factors from the targeted research results.

In future updates of Table C-1 values, it is expected that observed values will be updated to a new baseline period. Projected future values, based on ongoing research, will also be updated and referenced to the same new baseline period. In this way, both the observed and projected values will be reset to reflect knowledge at the time of the update. The projected values in this update that use the Minimax approach will not be compounded in future updates to Table C-1.

Terminology is also affected by the effects of a changing climate. Low-probability events have often been described as having a return period which, in a stationary (non-changing) climate, is defined as the average interval in years between such events. The reciprocal of the return period is defined as the annual exceedance probability. For instance, a 50-year return period event has an annual probability of 1/50 or 0.02. In a changing climate, the definition of the return period as an interval between events is not accurate. As a result, low-probability events are now identified with their annual exceedance probability rather than return period, since the annual probability can and often will change over time. For instance, a 50-year return period event is now described as a “1/50 annual probability event”, or sometimes just as the "1/50 value".

The uniform risk approach for wind results in a new 1/500 annual probability wind pressure value to reflect the ultimate load. In thunderstorm-prone regions, for wind values at low probabilities such as 1/500, the separate analysis of convective (e.g., thunderstorm) and synoptic (e.g., active low-pressure system with an embedded weather front) wind events generally results in higher wind values than the usual (up to the NECB 2020 edition) approach of analyzing the commingled convective and synoptic wind events as a single data set. This effect is not significant at higher annual probabilities such as 1/10 and 1/50. In addition to future values applied with the Minimax approach, the 500-year wind pressure values also account for the separate analysis of convective and synoptic wind events.

For parameters related to temperature and heating and cooling loads, such as degree-days below 18°C and 15°C, and January and July design temperatures, future values corresponding to a 50-year time horizon and RCP8.5 emissions scenario are applied in a similarly appropriate approach. Since warming is projected to occur for all locations, the current values for degree-day parameters and January design temperatures are all retained. The projected future values that reflect increased temperatures are applied to the July design temperatures. For cooling applications, the use of design temperatures mostly relates to occupant comfort; considering the prospect of more extreme heat events, applying future warmer temperatures also reduces the risk of future heat-related ill-health and mortality for occupants.

Analysis of the energy performance of buildings does not indicate an increased risk of overheating in buildings when mechanical cooling systems are provided and sized using historical July temperature data in the context of a future climate scenario.

However, sizing mechanical cooling systems based on future 50-year July temperature projections could result in oversized cooling equipment, which could increase construction costs. Also, the equipment may never experience the elevated temperature condition during its service life, which is considerably less than 50 years. Oversized cooling equipment can decrease energy efficiency and increase energy costs. The resulting oversizing could make equipment short-cycling worse and lead to inability of the equipment to meet latent loads, resulting in potentially excessive indoor humidity levels. In addition, short-cycling will decrease the service life of equipment. For the purposes of the design of mechanical cooling system equipment, Table C-1 provides July temperature data based on historical observations.

Further work is proposed on the use of future climate data in energy codes.

Extensive changes to the climate design data in Table C-1 and related documentation implement this approach.

PROPOSED CHANGE

NECB20 Div.B Appendix C (first printing)

Climatic Information for Building Design in Canada
Table C-1, which is referenced in Sentence 1.1.4.1.(1), represents a partial reproduction of Table C-2 of Division B of the NBC (see the section on Climatic and Seismic Information for Building Design in Canada in the NBC for further information on these climatic data categories). The additional data for “Degree-Days Below 15°C” was developed by Environment and Climate Change Canada for inclusion in the NECB.
Table [C-1] C-1
Design Data for Selected Locations in Canada
Province and Location Elev., m Design Temperature Degree-Days Below 18°C Degree-Days Below 15°C Hourly Wind Pressures, kPaPROPOSED CHANGE Table C-1 Footnote (1)
January July 2.5%
2.5% °C 1% °C HistoricalPROPOSED CHANGE Table C-1 Footnote (2) Future 1/10 1/50
Dry °C Wet °C Dry °C Wet °C
British Columbia
100 Mile House
 1040 -30 -32 29 17 34 21 5030 4040 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Abbotsford
 70 -8 -10 29 20 35 25 2860 2000 0.33 0.36 0.44 0.48
Agassiz
 15 -9 -11 31 21 37 26 2750 1900 0.35 0.39 0.47 0.52
Alberni
 12 -5 -8 31 19 37 24 3100 2220 0.24 0.26 0.32 0.35
Ashcroft
 305 -24 -27 34 20 39 24 3700 2790 0.29 0.32 0.38 0.42
Bamfield
 20 -2 -4 23 17 28 21 3080 2060 0.38 0.42 0.50 0.55
Beatton River
 840 -37 -39 26 18 31 22 6300 5230 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.33
Bella Bella
 25 -5 -7 23 18 28 22 3180 2150 0.40 0.44 0.50 0.55
Bella Coola
 40 -14 -18 27 19 33 24 3560 2660 0.29 0.32 0.39 0.43
Burns Lake
 755 -31 -34 26 17 32 22 5450 4430 0.29 0.32 0.39 0.43
Cache Creek
 455 -24 -27 34 20 39 24 3700 2790 0.29 0.32 0.39 0.43
Campbell River
 20 -5 -7 26 18 32 23 3000 2130 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.53
Carmi
 845 -24 -26 31 19 36 23 4750 3770 0.29 0.30 0.38 0.40
Castlegar
 430 -18 -20 32 20 37 24 3580 2680 0.26 0.27 0.34 0.36
Chetwynd
 605 -35 -38 27 18 33 22 5500 4480 0.30 0.33 0.40 0.44
Chilliwack
 10 -9 -11 30 20 36 25 2780 1920 0.35 0.39 0.47 0.52
Comox
 15 -7 -9 27 18 33 23 2930 2220 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.53
Courtenay
 10 -7 -9 28 18 34 23 2930 2220 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.53
Cranbrook
 910 -26 -28 32 18 37 22 4400 3450 0.25 0.26 0.33 0.35
Crescent Valley
 585 -18 -20 31 20 36 24 3650 2740 0.25 0.26 0.33 0.35
Crofton
 5 -4 -6 28 19 34 24 2880 2020 0.32 0.35 0.40 0.44
Dawson Creek
 665 -38 -40 27 18 32 22 5900 4860 0.30 0.33 0.40 0.44
Dease Lake
 800 -37 -40 24 15 29 19 6730 5630 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.33
Dog Creek
 450 -28 -30 29 17 34 21 4800 3820 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Duncan
 10 -6 -8 28 19 33 24 2980 2110 0.31 0.34 0.39 0.43
Elko
 1065 -28 -31 30 19 35 23 4600 3630 0.30 0.32 0.40 0.42
Fernie
 1010 -27 -30 30 19 35 23 4750 3770 0.30 0.32 0.40 0.42
Fort Nelson
 465 -39 -42 28 18 32 22 6710 5740 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.33
Fort St. John
 685 -35 -37 26 18 31 22 5750 4710 0.29 0.32 0.39 0.43
Glacier
 1145 -27 -30 27 17 33 22 5800 4760 0.24 0.25 0.32 0.34
Golden
 790 -27 -30 30 17 36 22 4750 3770 0.26 0.27 0.35 0.37
Gold River
 120 -8 -11 31 18 37 23 3230 2350 0.24 0.26 0.32 0.35
Grand Forks
 565 -19 -22 34 20 39 24 3820 2900 0.30 0.32 0.40 0.42
Greenwood
 745 -20 -23 34 20 39 24 4100 3160 0.30 0.32 0.40 0.42
Hope
 40 -13 -15 31 20 37 25 2820 2130 0.47 0.52 0.63 0.69
Jordan River
 20 -1 -3 22 17 27 22 2900 1900 0.44 0.48 0.55 0.61
Kamloops
 355 -23 -25 34 20 38 24 3450 2670 0.30 0.33 0.40 0.44
Kaslo
 545 -17 -20 30 19 35 23 3830 2910 0.23 0.24 0.31 0.33
Kelowna
 350 -17 -20 33 20 38 24 3400 2510 0.30 0.32 0.40 0.42
Kimberley
 1090 -25 -27 31 18 36 22 4650 3680 0.25 0.26 0.33 0.35
Kitimat Plant
 15 -16 -18 25 16 31 21 3750 2830 0.36 0.40 0.48 0.53
Kitimat Townsite
 130 -16 -18 24 16 30 21 3900 2980 0.36 0.40 0.48 0.53
Ladysmith
 80 -7 -9 27 19 32 24 2920 2130 0.32 0.35 0.40 0.44
Langford
 80 -4 -6 27 19 33 23 2750 1770 0.32 0.35 0.40 0.44
Lillooet
 245 -21 -23 34 20 39 24 3400 2610 0.33 0.36 0.44 0.48
Lytton
 325 -17 -20 35 20 40 24 3300 2410 0.32 0.35 0.43 0.47
Mackenzie
 765 -34 -38 27 17 33 21 5550 4530 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.35
Masset
 10 -5 -7 17 15 21 18 3700 2600 0.50 0.55 0.61 0.67
McBride
 730 -29 -32 29 18 36 23 4980 3990 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
McLeod Lake
 695 -35 -37 27 17 33 21 5450 4430 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.35
Merritt
 570 -24 -27 34 20 39 24 3900 2980 0.33 0.36 0.44 0.48
Mission City
 45 -9 -11 30 20 36 25 2850 1990 0.32 0.35 0.43 0.47
Montrose
 615 -16 -18 32 20 37 24 3600 2690 0.26 0.27 0.35 0.37
Nakusp
 445 -20 -22 31 20 36 24 3560 2660 0.25 0.26 0.33 0.35
Nanaimo
 15 -6 -8 27 19 33 24 2920 2130 0.38 0.42 0.48 0.53
Nelson
 600 -18 -20 31 20 36 24 3500 2600 0.25 0.26 0.33 0.35
Ocean Falls
 10 -10 -12 23 17 28 22 3400 2510 0.44 0.48 0.59 0.65
Osoyoos
 285 -14 -17 35 21 40 25 3100 2220 0.30 0.32 0.40 0.42
Parksville
 40 -6 -8 26 19 32 24 2990 2320 0.40 0.44 0.48 0.53
Penticton
 350 -15 -17 33 20 38 24 3350 2460 0.30 0.32 0.40 0.42
Port Alberni
 15 -5 -8 31 19 37 24 3100 2220 0.24 0.26 0.32 0.35
Port Alice
 25 -3 -6 26 17 31 21 3010 2000 0.24 0.26 0.32 0.35
Port Hardy
 5 -5 -7 20 16 25 20 3440 2370 0.36 0.40 0.48 0.53
Port McNeill
 5 -5 -7 22 17 27 21 3410 2350 0.36 0.40 0.48 0.53
Port Renfrew
 20 -3 -5 24 17 29 21 2900 1900 0.42 0.46 0.52 0.57
Powell River
 10 -7 -9 26 18 32 23 3100 2220 0.39 0.43 0.48 0.53
Prince George
 580 -32 -36 28 18 34 22 4720 3750 0.28 0.31 0.37 0.41
Prince Rupert
 20 -13 -15 19 15 24 19 3900 2770 0.43 0.47 0.54 0.59
Princeton
 655 -24 -29 33 19 39 24 4250 3300 0.27 0.30 0.36 0.40
Qualicum Beach
 10 -7 -9 27 19 33 24 2990 2320 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.53
Queen Charlotte City
 35 -6 -8 21 16 25 20 3520 2440 0.50 0.55 0.61 0.67
Quesnel
 475 -31 -33 30 17 36 21 4650 3680 0.24 0.26 0.31 0.34
Revelstoke
 440 -20 -23 31 19 36 23 4000 3070 0.24 0.25 0.32 0.34
Salmon Arm
 425 -19 -24 33 21 38 25 3650 2740 0.29 0.30 0.39 0.41
Sandspit
 5 -4 -6 18 15 22 19 3450 2380 0.59 0.65 0.72 0.79
Sechelt
 25 -6 -8 27 20 33 25 2680 1830 0.38 0.42 0.48 0.53
Sidney
 10 -4 -6 26 18 32 22 2850 1860 0.34 0.37 0.42 0.46
Smithers
 500 -29 -31 26 17 32 22 5040 4050 0.30 0.33 0.40 0.44
Smith River
 660 -45 -47 26 17 30 21 7100 5980 0.24 0.26 0.30 0.33
Sooke
 20 -1 -3 21 16 27 20 2900 1900 0.38 0.42 0.48 0.53
Squamish
 5 -9 -11 29 20 35 25 2950 2080 0.38 0.42 0.50 0.55
Stewart
 10 -17 -20 25 16 31 21 4350 3400 0.27 0.30 0.36 0.40
Tahsis
 25 -4 -6 26 18 32 23 3150 2120 0.26 0.29 0.34 0.37
Taylor
 515 -35 -37 26 18 31 22 5720 4690 0.30 0.33 0.40 0.44
Terrace
 60 -19 -21 27 17 33 22 4150 3210 0.27 0.30 0.36 0.40
Tofino
 10 -2 -4 20 16 25 20 3150 2120 0.51 0.56 0.68 0.75
Trail
 440 -14 -17 33 20 38 24 3600 2690 0.26 0.27 0.35 0.37
Ucluelet
 5 -2 -4 18 16 23 20 3120 2100 0.51 0.56 0.68 0.75
Vancouver Region
Burnaby (Simon Fraser Univ.)
 330 -7 -9 25 17 31 22 3100 2220 0.35 0.39 0.47 0.52
Cloverdale
 10 -8 -10 29 20 35 25 2700 1850 0.33 0.36 0.44 0.48
Haney
 10 -9 -11 30 20 36 25 2840 1980 0.33 0.36 0.44 0.48
Ladner
 3 -6 -8 27 19 33 24 2600 1750 0.37 0.41 0.46 0.51
Langley
 15 -8 -10 29 20 35 25 2700 1850 0.33 0.36 0.44 0.48
New Westminster
 10 -8 -10 29 19 35 24 2800 1940 0.33 0.36 0.44 0.48
North Vancouver
 135 -7 -9 26 19 32 24 2910 2050 0.34 0.37 0.45 0.50
Richmond
 5 -7 -9 27 19 33 24 2800 1940 0.36 0.40 0.45 0.50
Surrey (88 Ave & 156 St.)
 90 -8 -10 29 20 35 25 2750 1900 0.33 0.36 0.44 0.48
Vancouver (City Hall)
 40 -7 -9 28 20 34 25 2825 1970 0.34 0.37 0.45 0.50
Vancouver (Granville St. & 41st Ave)
 120 -6 -8 28 20 34 25 2925 2060 0.36 0.40 0.45 0.50
West Vancouver
 45 -7 -9 28 19 34 24 2950 2080 0.36 0.40 0.48 0.53
Vernon
 405 -20 -23 33 20 38 24 3600 2690 0.30 0.32 0.40 0.42
Victoria Region
Victoria
 10 -4 -6 24 17 30 21 2650 1730 0.46 0.51 0.57 0.63
Victoria (Gonzales Hts)
 65 -4 -6 24 17 30 21 2700 1690 0.46 0.51 0.57 0.63
Victoria (Mt Tolmie)
 125 -6 -8 24 16 30 20 2700 1730 0.46 0.48 0.57 0.60
Whistler
 665 -17 -20 30 20 36 25 4180 3240 0.24 0.26 0.32 0.35
White Rock
 30 -5 -7 25 20 31 25 2620 1770 0.33 0.36 0.44 0.48
Williams Lake
 615 -30 -33 29 17 34 21 4400 3450 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Youbou
 200 -5 -8 31 19 36 24 3050 2180 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.35
Alberta
Athabasca
 515 -35 -38 27 19 32 23 6000 5000 0.27 0.28 0.36 0.38
Banff
 1400 -31 -33 27 16 33 20 5500 4520 0.26 0.27 0.32 0.34
Barrhead
 645 -33 -36 27 19 32 23 5740 4750 0.35 0.37 0.44 0.46
Beaverlodge
 730 -36 -39 28 18 33 22 5700 4710 0.27 0.28 0.36 0.38
Brooks
 760 -32 -34 32 20 37 24 4880 3940 0.35 0.37 0.44 0.46
Calgary
 1045 -30 -32 28 17 34 21 5000 4050 0.38 0.40 0.48 0.50
Campsie
 660 -33 -36 27 19 32 23 5750 4760 0.33 0.35 0.44 0.46
Camrose
 740 -33 -35 29 19 34 23 5500 4520 0.31 0.33 0.39 0.41
Canmore
 1320 -31 -33 28 17 34 21 5400 4430 0.30 0.32 0.37 0.39
Cardston
 1130 -29 -32 30 19 35 23 4700 3770 0.58 0.61 0.72 0.76
Claresholm
 1030 -30 -32 30 18 35 22 4680 3750 0.46 0.48 0.58 0.61
Cold Lake
 540 -35 -38 28 19 33 23 5860 4860 0.29 0.30 0.38 0.40
Coleman
 1320 -31 -34 29 18 34 22 5210 4250 0.50 0.53 0.63 0.66
Coronation
 790 -32 -34 30 19 36 23 5640 4660 0.30 0.32 0.37 0.39
Cowley
 1175 -29 -32 29 18 34 22 4810 3870 0.81 0.85 1.01 1.06
Drumheller
 685 -32 -34 30 18 36 22 5050 4100 0.35 0.37 0.44 0.46
Edmonton
 645 -30 -33 28 19 34 23 5120 4160 0.36 0.38 0.45 0.47
Edson
 920 -34 -37 27 18 32 22 5750 4760 0.37 0.39 0.46 0.48
Embarras Portage
 220 -41 -43 28 19 32 23 7100 6040 0.28 0.29 0.37 0.39
Fairview
 670 -37 -40 27 18 32 22 5840 4850 0.26 0.27 0.35 0.37
Fort MacLeod
 945 -30 -32 31 19 36 23 4600 3670 0.54 0.57 0.68 0.71
Fort McMurray
 255 -38 -40 28 19 33 23 6250 5230 0.28 0.29 0.35 0.37
Fort Saskatchewan
 610 -32 -35 28 19 34 23 5420 4450 0.34 0.36 0.43 0.45
Fort Vermilion
 270 -41 -43 28 18 32 22 6700 5660 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.32
Grande Prairie
 650 -36 -39 27 18 32 22 5790 4800 0.32 0.34 0.43 0.45
Habay
 335 -41 -43 28 18 32 22 6750 5710 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.32
Hardisty
 615 -33 -36 30 19 36 23 5640 4660 0.29 0.30 0.36 0.38
High River
 1040 -31 -32 28 17 33 21 4900 3960 0.52 0.55 0.65 0.68
Hinton
 990 -34 -38 27 17 33 21 5500 4520 0.37 0.39 0.46 0.48
Jasper
 1060 -31 -34 28 17 34 22 5300 4330 0.26 0.27 0.32 0.34
Keg River
 420 -40 -42 28 18 32 22 6520 5490 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.32
Lac La Biche
 560 -35 -38 28 19 33 23 6100 5090 0.27 0.28 0.36 0.38
Lacombe
 855 -33 -36 28 19 34 23 5500 4520 0.32 0.34 0.40 0.42
Lethbridge
 910 -30 -32 31 19 36 23 4500 3580 0.53 0.56 0.66 0.69
Manning
 465 -39 -41 27 18 32 22 6300 5280 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.32
Medicine Hat
 705 -31 -34 32 19 37 23 4540 3610 0.38 0.40 0.48 0.50
Peace River
 330 -37 -40 27 18 32 22 6050 5040 0.24 0.25 0.32 0.34
Pincher Creek
 1130 -29 -32 29 18 34 22 4740 3800 0.77 0.81 0.96 1.01
Ranfurly
 670 -34 -37 29 19 34 23 5700 4710 0.29 0.30 0.36 0.38
Red Deer
 855 -32 -35 28 19 34 23 5550 4570 0.32 0.34 0.40 0.42
Rocky Mountain House
 985 -32 -34 27 18 33 22 5640 4660 0.29 0.30 0.36 0.38
Slave Lake
 590 -35 -38 26 19 31 23 5850 4850 0.28 0.29 0.37 0.39
Stettler
 820 -32 -34 30 19 36 23 5300 4330 0.29 0.30 0.36 0.38
Stony Plain
 710 -32 -35 28 19 33 23 5300 4330 0.36 0.38 0.45 0.47
Suffield
 755 -31 -34 32 20 37 24 4770 3830 0.39 0.41 0.49 0.51
Taber
 815 -31 -33 31 19 36 23 4580 3650 0.50 0.53 0.63 0.66
Turner Valley
 1215 -31 -32 28 17 33 21 5220 4260 0.52 0.55 0.65 0.68
Valleyview
 700 -37 -40 27 18 32 22 5600 4620 0.34 0.36 0.42 0.44
Vegreville
 635 -34 -37 29 19 34 23 5780 4790 0.29 0.30 0.36 0.38
Vermilion
 580 -35 -38 29 19 35 23 5740 4750 0.29 0.30 0.36 0.38
Wagner
 585 -35 -38 26 19 31 23 5850 4850 0.28 0.29 0.37 0.39
Wainwright
 675 -33 -36 29 19 35 23 5700 4710 0.29 0.30 0.36 0.38
Wetaskiwin
 760 -33 -35 29 19 34 23 5500 4520 0.31 0.33 0.39 0.41
Whitecourt
 690 -33 -36 27 19 32 23 5650 4670 0.28 0.29 0.37 0.39
Wimborne
 975 -31 -34 29 18 35 22 5310 4340 0.32 0.34 0.40 0.42
Saskatchewan
Assiniboia
 740 -32 -34 31 21 36 25 5180 4300 0.39 0.41 0.49 0.51
Battrum
 700 -32 -34 32 20 37 24 5080 4210 0.43 0.45 0.54 0.57
Biggar
 645 -34 -36 30 20 35 24 5720 4820 0.36 0.38 0.45 0.47
Broadview
 600 -34 -35 30 21 35 25 5760 4850 0.36 0.38 0.46 0.48
Dafoe
 530 -35 -37 29 21 34 25 5860 4950 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.39
Dundurn
 525 -35 -37 30 21 35 25 5600 4700 0.36 0.38 0.46 0.48
Estevan
 565 -32 -34 32 22 37 25 5340 4450 0.41 0.43 0.52 0.55
Hudson Bay
 370 -36 -38 29 21 34 25 6280 5350 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.39
Humboldt
 565 -36 -38 28 21 33 25 6000 5080 0.31 0.33 0.39 0.41
Island Falls
 305 -39 -41 27 20 32 24 7100 6130 0.26 0.27 0.35 0.37
Kamsack
 455 -34 -37 29 22 34 26 6040 5120 0.32 0.34 0.40 0.42
Kindersley
 685 -33 -35 31 20 36 24 5550 4650 0.36 0.38 0.46 0.48
Lloydminster
 645 -34 -37 28 20 34 24 5880 4970 0.32 0.34 0.40 0.42
Maple Creek
 765 -31 -34 31 20 36 24 4780 3920 0.36 0.38 0.45 0.47
Meadow Lake
 480 -38 -40 28 20 33 24 6280 5350 0.30 0.32 0.40 0.42
Melfort
 455 -36 -38 28 21 33 25 6050 5130 0.28 0.29 0.36 0.38
Melville
 550 -34 -36 29 21 34 25 5880 4970 0.32 0.34 0.40 0.42
Moose Jaw
 545 -32 -34 31 21 36 25 5270 4390 0.41 0.43 0.52 0.55
Nipawin
 365 -37 -39 28 21 33 25 6300 5370 0.30 0.32 0.38 0.40
North Battleford
 545 -34 -36 29 20 34 24 5900 4990 0.36 0.38 0.46 0.48
Prince Albert
 435 -37 -40 28 21 33 25 6100 5180 0.30 0.32 0.38 0.40
Qu'Appelle
 645 -34 -36 30 22 35 26 5620 4720 0.33 0.35 0.42 0.44
Regina
 575 -34 -36 31 21 36 25 5600 4700 0.39 0.41 0.49 0.51
Rosetown
 595 -34 -36 31 20 36 24 5620 4720 0.39 0.41 0.49 0.51
Saskatoon
 500 -35 -37 30 21 35 25 5700 4800 0.36 0.38 0.46 0.48
Scott
 645 -34 -36 30 20 35 24 5960 5040 0.36 0.38 0.45 0.47
Strasbourg
 545 -34 -36 30 22 35 26 5600 4700 0.33 0.35 0.42 0.44
Swift Current
 750 -31 -34 31 20 36 24 5150 4270 0.43 0.45 0.54 0.57
Uranium City
 265 -42 -44 26 19 30 22 7500 6510 0.27 0.28 0.36 0.38
Weyburn
 575 -33 -35 31 23 36 27 5400 4510 0.38 0.40 0.48 0.50
Yorkton
 510 -34 -37 29 21 34 25 6000 5080 0.32 0.34 0.40 0.42
Manitoba
Beausejour
 245 -33 -35 29 23 33 26 5680 4780 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.43
Boissevain
 510 -32 -34 30 23 34 26 5500 4610 0.41 0.43 0.52 0.55
Brandon
 395 -33 -35 30 22 35 25 5760 4850 0.39 0.41 0.49 0.51
Churchill
 10 -38 -40 25 18 29 22 8950 7890 0.43 0.45 0.55 0.58
Dauphin
 295 -33 -35 30 22 35 26 5900 4990 0.32 0.34 0.40 0.42
Flin Flon
 300 -38 -40 27 20 32 24 6440 5500 0.28 0.29 0.35 0.37
Gimli
 220 -34 -36 29 23 33 26 5800 4890 0.32 0.34 0.40 0.42
Island Lake
 240 -36 -38 27 20 31 23 6900 5940 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.39
Lac du Bonnet
 260 -34 -36 29 23 33 26 5730 4830 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.39
Lynn Lake
 350 -40 -42 27 19 31 23 7770 6770 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.39
Morden
 300 -31 -33 30 24 34 27 5400 4510 0.41 0.43 0.52 0.55
Neepawa
 365 -32 -34 29 23 34 26 5760 4850 0.35 0.37 0.44 0.46
Pine Falls
 220 -34 -36 28 23 32 26 5900 4990 0.31 0.33 0.39 0.41
Portage la Prairie
 260 -31 -33 30 23 34 26 5600 4700 0.36 0.38 0.46 0.48
Rivers
 465 -34 -36 29 23 33 26 5840 4930 0.36 0.38 0.46 0.48
Sandilands
 365 -32 -34 29 23 33 26 5650 4750 0.32 0.34 0.40 0.42
Selkirk
 225 -33 -35 29 23 33 26 5700 4800 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.43
Split Lake
 175 -38 -40 27 19 31 23 7900 6890 0.31 0.33 0.39 0.41
Steinbach
 270 -33 -35 29 23 33 26 5700 4800 0.32 0.34 0.40 0.42
Swan River
 335 -34 -37 29 22 34 26 6100 5180 0.28 0.29 0.35 0.37
The Pas
 270 -36 -38 28 21 33 25 6480 5540 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.39
Thompson
 205 -40 -43 27 19 31 23 7600 6600 0.28 0.29 0.36 0.38
Virden
 435 -33 -35 30 23 34 26 5620 4720 0.36 0.38 0.46 0.48
Winnipeg
 235 -33 -35 30 23 34 26 5670 4770 0.36 0.38 0.45 0.47
Ontario
Ailsa Craig
 230 -17 -19 30 23 34 26 3840 3050 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Ajax
 95 -20 -22 30 23 34 26 3820 3030 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Alexandria
 80 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4600 3740 0.31 0.34 0.40 0.44
Alliston
 220 -23 -25 29 23 33 26 4200 3380 0.28 0.31 0.36 0.40
Almonte
 120 -26 -28 30 23 34 26 4620 3760 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Armstrong
 340 -37 -40 28 21 32 24 6500 5530 0.22 0.24 0.30 0.33
Arnprior
 85 -27 -29 30 23 34 26 4680 3820 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41
Atikokan
 400 -33 -35 29 22 33 25 5750 4810 0.22 0.24 0.30 0.33
Attawapiskat
 10 -37 -39 28 21 32 24 7100 6120 0.30 0.33 0.41 0.45
Aurora
 270 -21 -23 30 23 34 26 4210 3390 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Bancroft
 365 -28 -31 29 23 33 26 4740 3870 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.35
Barrie
 245 -24 -26 29 23 33 26 4380 3540 0.28 0.31 0.36 0.40
Barriefield
 100 -22 -24 28 23 32 26 3990 3190 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Beaverton
 240 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4300 3470 0.28 0.31 0.36 0.40
Belleville
 90 -22 -24 29 23 33 26 3910 3110 0.34 0.37 0.43 0.47
Belmont
 260 -17 -19 30 24 34 27 3840 3050 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Borden (CFB)
 225 -23 -25 29 23 33 26 4300 3470 0.28 0.31 0.36 0.40
Bracebridge
 310 -26 -28 29 23 33 26 4800 3920 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Bradford
 240 -23 -25 30 23 34 26 4280 3450 0.28 0.31 0.36 0.40
Brampton
 215 -19 -21 30 23 34 26 4100 3290 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Brantford
 205 -18 -20 30 23 34 26 3900 3110 0.33 0.36 0.42 0.46
Brighton
 95 -21 -23 29 23 33 26 4000 3200 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Brockville
 85 -23 -25 29 23 33 26 4060 3250 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Burk's Falls
 305 -26 -28 29 22 33 25 5020 4120 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Burlington
 80 -17 -19 31 23 35 26 3740 2960 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.51
Cambridge
 295 -18 -20 29 23 33 26 4100 3290 0.28 0.31 0.36 0.40
Campbellford
 150 -23 -26 30 23 34 26 4280 3450 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Cannington
 255 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4310 3480 0.28 0.31 0.36 0.40
Carleton Place
 135 -25 -27 30 23 34 26 4600 3740 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Cavan
 200 -23 -25 30 23 34 26 4400 3560 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Centralia
 260 -17 -19 30 23 34 26 3800 3010 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Chapleau
 425 -35 -38 27 21 31 24 5900 4950 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.33
Chatham
 180 -16 -18 31 24 34 27 3470 2710 0.34 0.37 0.43 0.47
Chesley
 275 -19 -21 29 22 33 25 4320 3490 0.35 0.39 0.45 0.50
Clinton
 280 -17 -19 29 23 33 26 4150 3330 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.51
Coboconk
 270 -25 -27 30 23 34 26 4500 3650 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Cobourg
 90 -21 -23 29 23 33 26 3980 3180 0.38 0.42 0.49 0.54
Cochrane
 245 -34 -36 29 21 33 24 6200 5240 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Colborne
 105 -21 -23 29 23 33 26 3980 3180 0.38 0.42 0.49 0.54
Collingwood
 190 -21 -23 29 23 33 26 4180 3360 0.30 0.33 0.39 0.43
Cornwall
 35 -23 -25 30 23 34 26 4250 3420 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Corunna
 185 -16 -18 31 24 34 27 3600 2830 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Deep River
 145 -29 -32 30 22 34 25 4900 3980 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Deseronto
 85 -22 -24 29 23 33 26 4070 3260 0.34 0.37 0.43 0.47
Dorchester
 260 -18 -20 30 24 34 27 3900 3110 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Dorion
 200 -33 -35 28 21 32 24 5950 5000 0.29 0.32 0.39 0.43
Dresden
 185 -16 -18 31 24 34 27 3750 2970 0.34 0.37 0.43 0.47
Dryden
 370 -34 -36 28 22 32 25 5850 4940 0.22 0.24 0.30 0.33
Dundalk
 525 -22 -24 29 22 33 25 4700 3830 0.33 0.36 0.42 0.46
Dunnville
 175 -15 -17 30 24 34 27 3660 2890 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.51
Durham
 340 -20 -22 29 22 33 25 4340 3510 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Dutton
 225 -16 -18 31 24 35 27 3700 2920 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Earlton
 245 -33 -36 29 22 33 25 5730 4790 0.35 0.39 0.45 0.50
Edison
 365 -34 -36 28 22 32 25 5740 4840 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.34
Elliot Lake
 380 -26 -28 29 21 33 24 4950 4030 0.30 0.33 0.38 0.42
Elmvale
 220 -24 -26 29 23 33 26 4200 3380 0.28 0.31 0.36 0.40
Embro
 310 -19 -21 30 23 34 26 3950 3150 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Englehart
 205 -33 -36 29 22 33 25 5800 4860 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Espanola
 220 -25 -27 29 21 33 24 4920 4000 0.33 0.36 0.42 0.46
Exeter
 265 -17 -19 30 23 34 26 3900 3110 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Fenelon Falls
 260 -25 -27 30 23 34 26 4440 3600 0.28 0.31 0.36 0.40
Fergus
 400 -20 -22 29 23 33 26 4300 3470 0.28 0.31 0.36 0.40
Forest
 215 -16 -18 31 23 35 26 3740 2960 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Fort Erie
 180 -15 -17 30 24 34 27 3650 2880 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.51
Fort Erie (Ridgeway)
 190 -15 -17 30 24 34 27 3600 2830 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.51
Fort Frances
 340 -33 -35 29 22 33 25 5440 4550 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.34
Gananoque
 80 -22 -24 28 23 32 26 4010 3210 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Geraldton
 345 -36 -39 28 21 32 24 6450 5490 0.22 0.24 0.30 0.33
Glencoe
 215 -16 -18 31 24 35 27 3680 2900 0.34 0.37 0.43 0.47
Goderich
 185 -16 -18 29 23 33 26 4000 3200 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Gore Bay
 205 -24 -26 28 22 32 25 4700 3830 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Graham
 495 -35 -37 29 22 33 25 5940 4990 0.22 0.24 0.30 0.33
Gravenhurst (Muskoka Airport)
 255 -26 -28 29 23 33 26 4760 3890 0.28 0.31 0.36 0.40
Grimsby
 85 -16 -18 30 23 34 26 3520 2760 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.51
Guelph
 340 -19 -21 29 23 33 26 4270 3440 0.28 0.31 0.36 0.40
Guthrie
 280 -24 -26 29 23 33 26 4300 3470 0.28 0.31 0.36 0.40
Haileybury
 210 -32 -35 30 22 34 25 5600 4660 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Haldimand (Caledonia)
 190 -18 -20 30 23 34 26 3750 2970 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Haldimand (Hagersville)
 215 -17 -19 30 23 34 26 3760 2980 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.51
Haliburton
 335 -27 -29 29 23 33 26 4840 3960 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Halton Hills (Georgetown)
 255 -19 -21 30 23 34 26 4200 3380 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41
Hamilton
 90 -17 -19 31 23 35 26 3460 2700 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.51
Hanover
 270 -19 -21 29 22 33 25 4300 3470 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Hastings
 200 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4280 3450 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Hawkesbury
 50 -25 -27 30 23 34 26 4610 3750 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Hearst
 245 -35 -37 29 21 33 24 6450 5490 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.33
Honey Harbour
 180 -24 -26 29 23 33 26 4300 3470 0.30 0.33 0.39 0.43
Hornepayne
 360 -37 -40 28 21 32 24 6340 5380 0.22 0.24 0.30 0.33
Huntsville
 335 -26 -29 29 22 33 25 4850 3970 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Ingersoll
 280 -18 -20 30 23 34 26 3920 3120 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Iroquois Falls
 275 -33 -36 29 21 33 24 6100 5150 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41
Jellicoe
 330 -36 -39 28 21 32 24 6400 5440 0.22 0.24 0.30 0.33
Kapuskasing
 245 -34 -36 29 21 33 24 6250 5290 0.24 0.26 0.31 0.34
Kemptville
 90 -25 -27 30 23 34 26 4540 3690 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Kenora
 370 -33 -35 28 22 32 25 5630 4730 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.34
Killaloe
 185 -28 -31 30 22 34 25 4960 4070 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Kincardine
 190 -17 -19 28 22 32 25 3890 3100 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Kingston
 80 -22 -24 28 23 32 26 4000 3200 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Kinmount
 295 -26 -28 29 23 33 26 4600 3740 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Kirkland Lake
 325 -33 -36 29 22 33 25 6000 5050 0.30 0.33 0.39 0.43
Kitchener
 335 -19 -21 29 23 33 26 4200 3380 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41
Kitchenuhmaykoosib / Big Trout Lake
 215 -38 -40 26 20 30 23 7450 – 0.31 0.34 0.42 0.46
Lakefield
 240 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4330 3500 0.30 0.33 0.38 0.42
Lansdowne House
 240 -38 -40 28 21 32 24 7150 6160 0.24 0.26 0.32 0.35
Leamington
 190 -15 -17 31 24 34 27 3400 2650 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Lindsay
 265 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4320 3490 0.30 0.33 0.38 0.42
Lion's Head
 185 -19 -21 27 22 31 25 4300 3470 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Listowel
 380 -19 -21 29 23 33 26 4300 3470 0.34 0.37 0.43 0.47
London
 245 -18 -20 30 24 34 27 3900 3110 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Lucan
 300 -17 -19 30 23 34 26 3900 3110 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Maitland
 85 -23 -25 29 23 33 26 4080 3270 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Markdale
 425 -20 -22 29 22 33 25 4500 3650 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Markham
 175 -21 -23 31 24 35 27 4000 3200 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Martin
 485 -35 -37 29 22 33 25 5900 4950 0.22 0.24 0.30 0.33
Matheson
 265 -33 -36 29 21 33 24 6080 5130 0.30 0.33 0.39 0.43
Mattawa
 165 -29 -31 30 22 34 25 5050 4130 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.35
Midland
 190 -24 -26 29 23 33 26 4200 3380 0.30 0.33 0.39 0.43
Milton
 200 -18 -20 30 23 34 26 3920 3120 0.34 0.37 0.43 0.47
Milverton
 370 -19 -21 29 23 33 26 4200 3380 0.34 0.37 0.43 0.47
Minden
 270 -27 -29 29 23 33 26 4640 3780 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Mississauga
 160 -18 -20 30 23 34 26 3880 3090 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Mississauga (Lester B. Pearson Int'l Airport)
 170 -20 -22 31 24 35 27 3890 – 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Mississauga (Port Credit)
 75 -18 -20 29 23 33 26 3780 3000 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Mitchell
 335 -18 -20 29 23 33 26 4100 3290 0.35 0.39 0.45 0.50
Moosonee
 10 -36 -38 28 22 32 25 6800 5820 0.26 0.29 0.35 0.39
Morrisburg
 75 -23 -25 30 23 34 26 4370 3530 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Mount Forest
 420 -21 -24 28 22 32 25 4700 3830 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Nakina
 325 -36 -38 28 21 32 24 6500 5530 0.22 0.24 0.30 0.33
Nanticoke (Jarvis)
 205 -17 -18 30 23 34 26 3700 2920 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Nanticoke (Port Dover)
 180 -15 -17 30 24 34 27 3600 2830 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Napanee
 90 -22 -24 29 23 33 26 4140 3320 0.34 0.37 0.43 0.47
Newcastle
 115 -20 -22 30 23 34 26 3990 3190 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Newcastle (Bowmanville)
 95 -20 -22 30 23 34 26 4000 – 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
New Liskeard
 180 -32 -35 30 22 34 25 5570 4630 0.34 0.37 0.43 0.47
Newmarket
 185 -22 -24 30 23 34 26 4260 3430 0.30 0.33 0.38 0.42
Niagara Falls
 210 -16 -18 30 23 34 26 3600 2830 0.34 0.37 0.43 0.47
North Bay
 210 -28 -30 28 22 32 25 5150 4230 0.27 0.30 0.34 0.37
Norwood
 225 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4320 3490 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Oakville
 90 -18 -20 30 23 34 26 3760 2980 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Orangeville
 430 -21 -23 29 23 33 26 4450 3610 0.28 0.31 0.36 0.40
Orillia
 230 -25 -27 29 23 33 26 4260 3430 0.28 0.31 0.36 0.40
Oshawa
 110 -19 -21 30 23 34 26 3860 3070 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Ottawa (Metropolitan)
Ottawa (Barrhaven)
 98 -25 -27 30 23 34 26 4500 3600 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Ottawa (City Hall)
 70 -25 -27 30 23 34 26 4440 3650 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Ottawa (Kanata)
 98 -25 -27 30 23 34 26 4520 3670 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Ottawa (M-C Int'l Airport)
 125 -25 -27 30 23 34 26 4500 3650 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Ottawa (Orléans)
 70 -26 -28 30 23 33 26 4500 3650 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Owen Sound
 215 -19 -21 29 22 33 25 4030 3220 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Pagwa River
 185 -35 -37 28 21 32 24 6500 5530 0.22 0.24 0.30 0.33
Paris
 245 -18 -20 30 23 34 26 4000 3200 0.33 0.36 0.42 0.46
Parkhill
 205 -16 -18 31 23 35 26 3800 3010 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Parry Sound
 215 -24 -26 28 22 32 25 4640 3780 0.30 0.33 0.39 0.43
Pelham (Fonthill)
 230 -15 -17 30 23 34 26 3690 2910 0.33 0.36 0.42 0.46
Pembroke
 125 -28 -31 30 23 34 26 4980 4090 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Penetanguishene
 220 -24 -26 29 23 33 26 4200 3380 0.30 0.33 0.39 0.43
Perth
 130 -25 -27 30 23 34 26 4540 3690 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Petawawa
 135 -29 -31 30 23 34 26 4980 4090 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Peterborough
 200 -23 -25 30 23 34 26 4400 3560 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Petrolia
 195 -16 -18 31 24 34 27 3640 2870 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Pickering (Dunbarton)
 85 -19 -21 30 23 34 26 3800 3010 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Picton
 95 -21 -23 29 23 33 26 3980 3180 0.38 0.42 0.49 0.54
Plattsville
 300 -19 -21 29 23 33 26 4150 3330 0.33 0.36 0.42 0.46
Point Alexander
 150 -29 -32 30 22 34 25 4960 4040 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Port Burwell
 195 -15 -17 30 24 34 27 3800 3010 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Port Colborne
 180 -15 -17 30 24 34 27 3600 2830 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.51
Port Elgin
 205 -17 -19 28 22 32 25 4100 3290 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Port Hope
 100 -21 -23 29 23 33 26 3970 3170 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Port Perry
 270 -22 -24 30 23 34 26 4260 3430 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Port Stanley
 180 -15 -17 31 24 35 27 3850 3060 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Prescott
 90 -23 -25 29 23 33 26 4120 3310 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Princeton
 280 -18 -20 30 23 34 26 4000 3200 0.33 0.36 0.42 0.46
Raith
 475 -34 -37 28 22 32 25 5900 4950 0.22 0.24 0.30 0.33
Rayside-Balfour (Chelmsford)
 270 -28 -30 29 21 33 24 5200 4280 0.35 0.39 0.45 0.50
Red Lake
 360 -35 -37 28 21 32 24 6220 5290 0.22 0.24 0.30 0.33
Renfrew
 115 -27 -30 30 23 34 26 4900 4020 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Richmond Hill
 230 -21 -23 31 24 35 27 4000 3200 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Rockland
 50 -26 -28 30 23 34 26 4600 3740 0.31 0.34 0.40 0.44
Sarnia
 190 -16 -18 31 24 34 27 3750 2970 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Sault Ste. Marie
 190 -25 -28 29 22 33 25 4960 4040 0.33 0.36 0.44 0.48
Schreiber
 310 -34 -36 27 21 31 24 5960 5010 0.29 0.32 0.39 0.43
Seaforth
 310 -17 -19 30 23 34 26 4100 3290 0.35 0.39 0.45 0.50
Shelburne
 495 -22 -24 29 23 33 26 4700 3830 0.31 0.34 0.40 0.44
Simcoe
 210 -17 -19 30 24 34 27 3700 2920 0.35 0.39 0.45 0.50
Sioux Lookout
 375 -34 -36 28 22 32 25 5950 5030 0.22 0.24 0.30 0.33
Smiths Falls
 130 -25 -27 30 23 34 26 4540 3690 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Smithville
 185 -16 -18 30 23 34 26 3650 2880 0.33 0.36 0.42 0.46
Smooth Rock Falls
 235 -34 -36 29 21 33 24 6250 5290 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.35
Southampton
 180 -17 -19 28 22 32 25 4100 3290 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
South River
 355 -27 -29 29 22 33 25 5090 4190 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
St. Catharines
 105 -16 -18 30 23 34 26 3540 2780 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.51
St. Marys
 310 -18 -20 30 23 34 26 4000 3200 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
St. Thomas
 225 -16 -18 31 24 35 27 3780 3000 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Stirling
 120 -23 -25 30 23 34 26 4220 3400 0.31 0.34 0.40 0.44
Stratford
 360 -18 -20 29 23 33 26 4050 3240 0.35 0.39 0.45 0.50
Strathroy
 225 -17 -19 31 24 35 27 3780 3000 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Sturgeon Falls
 205 -28 -30 29 21 33 24 5200 4280 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Sudbury
 275 -28 -30 29 21 33 24 5180 4260 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.51
Sundridge
 340 -27 -29 29 22 33 25 5080 4180 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Tavistock
 340 -19 -21 29 23 33 26 4100 3290 0.35 0.39 0.45 0.50
Temagami
 300 -30 -33 30 22 34 25 5420 4490 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41
Thamesford
 280 -19 -21 30 23 34 26 3950 3150 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Thedford
 205 -16 -18 31 23 35 26 3710 2930 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Thunder Bay
 210 -31 -33 29 21 33 24 5650 4710 0.29 0.32 0.39 0.43
Tillsonburg
 215 -17 -19 30 24 34 27 3840 3050 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Timmins
 300 -34 -36 29 21 33 24 5940 4990 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Timmins (Porcupine)
 295 -34 -36 29 21 33 24 6000 5050 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41
Toronto Metropolitan Region
Etobicoke
 160 -20 -22 31 24 35 27 3800 3010 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
North York
 175 -20 -22 31 24 35 27 3760 2980 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Scarborough
 180 -20 -22 31 24 35 27 3800 3010 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Toronto (City Hall)
 90 -18 -20 31 23 35 26 3520 2760 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Trenton
 80 -22 -24 29 23 33 26 4110 3300 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Trout Creek
 330 -27 -29 29 22 33 25 5100 4200 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.39
Uxbridge
 275 -22 -24 30 23 34 26 4240 3410 0.33 0.36 0.42 0.46
Vaughan (Woodbridge)
 165 -20 -22 31 24 35 27 4100 3290 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Vittoria
 215 -15 -17 30 24 34 27 3680 2900 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Walkerton
 275 -18 -20 30 22 34 25 4300 3470 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.51
Wallaceburg
 180 -16 -18 31 24 34 27 3600 2830 0.35 0.39 0.45 0.50
Waterloo
 330 -19 -21 29 23 33 26 4200 3380 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41
Watford
 240 -17 -19 31 24 35 27 3740 2960 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Wawa
 290 -34 -36 26 21 30 24 5840 4900 0.30 0.33 0.39 0.43
Welland
 180 -15 -17 30 23 34 26 3670 2900 0.34 0.37 0.43 0.47
West Lorne
 215 -16 -18 31 24 35 27 3700 2920 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Whitby
 85 -20 -22 30 23 34 26 3820 3030 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Whitby (Brooklin)
 160 -20 -22 30 23 34 26 4010 3210 0.35 0.39 0.45 0.50
White River
 375 -39 -42 28 21 32 24 6150 5200 0.22 0.24 0.30 0.33
Wiarton
 185 -19 -21 29 22 33 25 4300 3470 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Windsor
 185 -16 -18 32 24 35 27 3400 2650 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Wingham
 310 -18 -20 30 23 34 26 4220 3400 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.51
Woodstock
 300 -19 -21 30 23 34 26 3910 3110 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.48
Wyoming
 215 -16 -18 31 24 34 27 3700 2920 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.52
Québec
Acton Vale
 95 -24 -27 30 23 34 26 4620 3790 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Alma
 110 -31 -33 28 22 32 25 5800 4860 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Amos
 295 -34 -36 28 21 32 24 6160 5210 0.25 0.26 0.32 0.34
Aylmer
 90 -25 -28 30 23 34 26 4520 3620 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.43
Baie-Comeau
 60 -27 -29 25 19 29 22 6020 5070 0.39 0.41 0.50 0.53
Baie-Saint-Paul
 20 -27 -29 28 21 32 24 5280 4350 0.37 0.39 0.48 0.50
Beauport
 45 -26 -29 28 22 32 25 5100 4180 0.33 0.35 0.42 0.44
Bedford
 55 -24 -26 29 23 33 26 4420 3610 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.39
Beloeil
 25 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4500 3680 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.39
Brome
 210 -25 -27 29 23 33 26 4730 3880 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.39
Brossard
 15 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4420 3610 0.34 0.36 0.44 0.46
Buckingham
 130 -26 -28 30 23 33 26 4880 3970 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.42
Campbell's Bay
 115 -28 -30 30 23 34 26 4900 3980 0.25 0.26 0.32 0.34
Chambly
 20 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4450 3630 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.42
Coaticook
 295 -25 -27 28 22 32 25 4750 3840 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Contrecoeur
 10 -25 -27 30 23 34 26 4500 3680 0.34 0.36 0.43 0.45
Cowansville
 120 -25 -27 29 23 33 26 4540 3710 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.39
Deux-Montagnes
 25 -25 -27 29 23 33 26 4440 3630 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.39
Dolbeau
 120 -32 -34 28 22 32 25 6250 5290 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Drummondville
 85 -26 -28 30 23 34 26 4700 3860 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Farnham
 60 -24 -26 29 23 33 26 4500 3680 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.39
Fort-Coulonge
 110 -28 -30 30 23 34 26 4950 4030 0.25 0.26 0.32 0.34
Gagnon
 545 -34 -36 24 19 28 22 7600 6600 0.30 0.32 0.39 0.41
Gaspé
 55 -25 -26 26 20 30 23 5500 4570 0.37 0.39 0.48 0.50
Gatineau
 95 -25 -28 30 23 34 26 4600 3690 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.43
Gracefield
 175 -28 -31 30 23 34 26 5080 4160 0.25 0.26 0.32 0.34
Granby
 120 -25 -27 29 23 33 26 4500 3680 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Harrington Harbour
 30 -27 -29 19 16 23 20 6150 5200 0.56 0.59 0.72 0.76
Havre-Saint-Pierre
 5 -27 -29 22 18 26 22 6100 5150 0.49 0.51 0.63 0.66
Hemmingford
 75 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4380 3570 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.42
Hull
 65 -25 -28 30 23 34 26 4550 3650 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.43
Iberville
 35 -24 -26 29 23 33 26 4450 3630 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.43
Inukjuak
 5 -36 -38 21 15 26 19 9150 8100 0.37 0.39 0.48 0.50
Joliette
 45 -26 -28 29 23 33 26 4720 3870 0.28 0.29 0.36 0.38
Kuujjuaq
 25 -37 -39 24 17 29 21 8550 7520 0.47 0.49 0.60 0.63
Kuujjuarapik
 20 -36 -38 25 17 29 20 7990 6980 0.37 0.39 0.48 0.50
Lachute
 65 -26 -28 29 23 33 26 4640 4570 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.42
Lac-Mégantic
 420 -27 -29 27 22 31 25 5180 4470 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
La Malbaie
 25 -26 -28 28 21 32 24 5400 3800 0.37 0.39 0.48 0.50
La Pocatière
 55 -24 -26 28 22 32 25 5160 4240 0.39 0.41 0.50 0.53
La Tuque
 165 -30 -32 29 22 33 25 5500 4260 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Lennoxville
 155 -28 -30 29 22 33 25 4700 3790 0.25 0.26 0.32 0.34
Léry
 30 -24 -26 29 23 33 26 4420 3610 0.33 0.35 0.42 0.44
Loretteville
 100 -26 -29 28 22 32 25 5200 4280 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.43
Louiseville
 15 -25 -28 29 23 33 26 4900 4030 0.34 0.36 0.43 0.45
Magog
 215 -26 -28 29 23 33 26 4730 3880 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Malartic
 325 -33 -36 29 21 33 24 6200 5240 0.25 0.26 0.32 0.34
Maniwaki
 180 -30 -32 29 22 33 25 5280 4350 0.24 0.25 0.31 0.33
Masson
 50 -26 -28 30 23 33 26 4610 3700 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.42
Matane
 5 -24 -26 24 20 28 23 5510 4580 0.43 0.45 0.55 0.58
Mont-Joli
 90 -24 -26 26 21 30 24 5370 4440 0.41 0.43 0.52 0.55
Mont-Laurier
 225 -29 -32 29 22 33 25 5320 4390 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.32
Montmagny
 10 -25 -28 28 22 32 25 5090 4170 0.37 0.39 0.47 0.49
Montréal Region
Beaconsfield
 25 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4440 3630 0.33 0.35 0.42 0.44
Dorval
 25 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4400 3590 0.34 0.36 0.44 0.46
Laval
 35 -24 -26 29 23 33 26 4500 3680 0.33 0.35 0.42 0.44
Montréal (City Hall)
 20 -23 -26 30 23 34 26 4200 3410 0.34 0.36 0.44 0.46
Montréal-Est
 25 -23 -26 30 23 34 26 4470 3650 0.34 0.36 0.44 0.46
Montréal-Nord
 20 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4470 3650 0.33 0.35 0.42 0.44
Outremont
 105 -23 -26 30 23 34 26 4300 3500 0.34 0.36 0.44 0.46
Pierrefonds
 25 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4430 3620 0.33 0.35 0.42 0.44
Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue
 35 -24 -26 29 23 33 26 4460 3640 0.33 0.35 0.42 0.44
Saint-Lambert
 15 -23 -26 30 23 34 26 4400 3590 0.34 0.36 0.44 0.46
Saint-Laurent
 45 -23 -26 30 23 34 26 4270 3470 0.34 0.36 0.44 0.46
Verdun
 20 -23 -26 30 23 34 26 4200 3410 0.34 0.36 0.44 0.46
Nicolet (Gentilly)
 15 -25 -28 29 23 33 26 4900 3980 0.33 0.35 0.42 0.44
Nitchequon
 545 -39 -41 23 19 27 22 8100 7080 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.39
Noranda
 305 -33 -36 29 21 33 24 6050 5100 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Percé
 5 -21 -24 25 19 29 23 5400 4470 0.49 0.51 0.63 0.66
Pincourt
 25 -24 -26 29 23 33 26 4480 3660 0.33 0.35 0.42 0.44
Plessisville
 145 -26 -28 29 23 33 26 5100 4180 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Port-Cartier
 20 -28 -30 25 19 29 22 6060 5110 0.42 0.44 0.54 0.57
Puvirnituq
 5 -36 -38 23 16 29 21 9200 8150 0.47 0.49 0.60 0.63
Québec City Region
Ancienne-Lorette
 35 -25 -28 28 23 32 26 5130 4210 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.43
Lévis
 50 -25 -28 28 22 32 25 5050 4130 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.43
Québec
 120 -25 -28 28 22 32 25 5080 4160 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.43
Sainte-Foy
 115 -25 -28 28 23 32 26 5100 4180 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.43
Sillery
 10 -25 -28 28 23 32 26 5070 4150 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.43
Richmond
 150 -25 -27 29 22 33 25 4700 3860 0.25 0.26 0.32 0.34
Rimouski
 30 -25 -27 26 20 30 23 5300 4370 0.41 0.43 0.52 0.55
Rivière-du-Loup
 55 -25 -27 26 21 30 24 5380 4450 0.39 0.41 0.50 0.53
Roberval
 100 -31 -33 28 21 32 24 5750 4810 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Rock Island
 160 -25 -27 29 23 33 26 4850 3990 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Rosemère
 25 -24 -26 29 23 33 26 4550 3720 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.42
Rouyn
 300 -33 -36 29 21 33 24 6050 5100 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Saguenay
 10 -30 -32 28 22 32 25 5700 4760 0.28 0.29 0.36 0.38
Saguenay (Bagotville)
 5 -31 -33 28 21 32 24 5700 4760 0.30 0.32 0.38 0.40
Saguenay (Jonquière)
 135 -30 -32 28 22 32 25 5650 4710 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Saguenay (Kénogami)
 140 -30 -32 28 22 32 25 5650 4710 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts
 360 -28 -30 28 22 32 25 5390 4470 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Saint-Eustache
 35 -25 -27 29 23 33 26 4500 3680 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.39
Saint-Félicien
 105 -32 -34 28 22 32 25 5850 4900 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Saint-Georges-de-Cacouna
 35 -25 -27 26 21 30 24 5400 4470 0.39 0.41 0.50 0.53
Saint-Hubert
 25 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4490 3670 0.34 0.36 0.44 0.46
Saint-Hubert-de-Rivière-du-Loup
 310 -26 -28 26 21 30 24 5520 4590 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.42
Saint-Hyacinthe
 35 -24 -27 30 23 34 26 4500 3680 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
 35 -24 -26 29 23 33 26 4450 3630 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.43
Saint-Jérôme
 95 -26 -28 29 23 33 26 4820 3960 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.39
Saint-Jovite
 230 -29 -31 28 22 32 25 5250 4340 0.26 0.27 0.33 0.35
Saint-Lazare / Hudson
 60 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4520 3700 0.33 0.35 0.42 0.44
Saint-Nicolas
 65 -25 -28 28 22 32 25 4990 4070 0.33 0.35 0.42 0.44
Salaberry-de-Valleyfield
 50 -23 -25 29 23 33 26 4400 3590 0.33 0.35 0.42 0.44
Schefferville
 550 -37 -39 24 16 28 20 8550 7520 0.33 0.35 0.42 0.44
Senneterre
 310 -34 -36 29 21 33 24 6180 5220 0.25 0.26 0.32 0.34
Sept-Îles
 5 -29 -31 24 18 28 22 6200 5240 0.42 0.44 0.54 0.57
Shawinigan
 60 -26 -29 29 23 33 26 5050 4130 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Shawville
 170 -27 -30 30 23 34 26 4880 3970 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Sherbrooke
 185 -28 -30 29 23 33 26 4700 3790 0.25 0.26 0.32 0.34
Sorel
 10 -25 -27 29 23 33 26 4550 3720 0.34 0.36 0.43 0.45
Sutton
 185 -25 -27 29 23 33 26 4600 3770 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.39
Tadoussac
 65 -26 -28 27 21 31 24 5450 4520 0.41 0.43 0.52 0.55
Témiscaming
 240 -30 -32 30 22 34 25 5020 4100 0.25 0.26 0.32 0.34
Terrebonne
 20 -25 -27 29 23 33 26 4500 3680 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.42
Thetford Mines
 330 -26 -28 28 22 32 25 5120 4200 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Thurso
 50 -26 -28 30 23 34 26 4820 3910 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.42
Trois-Rivières
 25 -25 -28 29 23 33 26 4900 3980 0.34 0.36 0.43 0.45
Val-des-Sources
 245 -26 -28 29 22 33 25 4800 3890 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Val-d'Or
 310 -33 -36 29 21 33 24 6180 5220 0.25 0.26 0.32 0.34
Varennes
 15 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4500 3680 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.42
Verchères
 15 -24 -26 30 23 34 26 4450 3630 0.34 0.36 0.43 0.45
Victoriaville
 125 -26 -28 29 23 33 26 4900 3980 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Ville-Marie
 200 -31 -34 30 22 34 25 5550 4610 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.42
Wakefield
 120 -27 -30 30 23 34 26 4820 3910 0.27 0.28 0.34 0.36
Waterloo
 205 -25 -27 29 23 33 26 4650 3810 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Windsor
 150 -25 -27 29 23 33 26 4700 3860 0.25 0.26 0.32 0.34
New Brunswick
Alma
 5 -21 -23 26 20 29 23 4500 3600 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Bathurst
 10 -23 -26 30 22 34 25 5020 4100 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Boiestown
 65 -25 -28 29 21 33 24 4900 – 0.30 0.33 0.39 0.43
Campbellton
 30 -26 -28 29 22 33 25 5500 4570 0.35 0.39 0.45 0.50
Edmundston
 160 -27 -29 28 22 32 25 5320 4500 0.30 0.33 0.38 0.42
Fredericton
 15 -24 -27 29 22 33 25 4670 3760 0.30 0.33 0.38 0.42
Gagetown
 20 -24 -26 29 22 32 25 4460 3560 0.31 0.34 0.40 0.44
Grand Falls
 115 -27 -30 28 22 32 25 5300 4450 0.30 0.33 0.38 0.42
Miramichi
 5 -24 -26 30 22 34 25 4950 4030 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.45
Moncton
 20 -23 -25 28 21 31 24 4680 3770 0.39 0.43 0.50 0.55
Oromocto
 20 -24 -26 29 22 33 25 4650 3740 0.30 0.33 0.39 0.43
Sackville
 15 -22 -24 27 21 30 24 4590 3680 0.38 0.42 0.49 0.54
Saint Andrews
 35 -22 -24 25 20 28 23 4680 3770 0.35 0.39 0.45 0.50
Saint John
 5 -22 -24 25 20 28 23 4570 3670 0.41 0.45 0.53 0.58
Shippagan
 5 -22 -24 28 21 32 24 4930 4010 0.49 0.54 0.63 0.69
St. George
 35 -21 -23 25 20 28 23 4680 3770 0.35 0.39 0.45 0.50
St. Stephen
 20 -24 -26 28 22 31 25 4700 3790 0.33 0.36 0.42 0.46
Woodstock
 60 -26 -29 30 22 34 25 4910 3990 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41
Nova Scotia
Amherst
 25 -21 -24 27 21 31 24 4500 3600 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Antigonish
 10 -17 -20 27 21 31 24 4510 3610 0.42 0.46 0.54 0.59
Bridgewater
 10 -15 -17 27 20 30 23 4140 3250 0.43 0.47 0.55 0.61
Canso
 5 -13 -15 25 20 29 23 4400 3500 0.48 0.53 0.61 0.67
Debert
 45 -21 -24 27 21 31 24 4500 3600 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Digby
 35 -15 -17 25 20 28 23 4020 3130 0.43 0.47 0.55 0.61
Greenwood (CFB)
 28 -18 -20 29 22 32 25 4140 3250 0.42 0.46 0.54 0.59
Halifax Region
Dartmouth
 10 -16 -18 26 20 29 23 4100 3210 0.45 0.50 0.58 0.64
Halifax
 55 -16 -18 26 20 29 23 4000 3110 0.45 0.50 0.58 0.64
Kentville
 25 -18 -20 28 21 31 24 4130 3240 0.42 0.46 0.54 0.59
Liverpool
 20 -16 -18 27 20 30 23 3990 3100 0.48 0.53 0.61 0.67
Lockeport
 5 -14 -16 25 20 28 23 4000 3110 0.47 0.52 0.60 0.66
Louisbourg
 5 -15 -17 26 20 30 23 4530 3630 0.51 0.56 0.65 0.72
Lunenburg
 25 -15 -17 26 20 29 23 4140 3250 0.48 0.53 0.61 0.67
New Glasgow
 30 -19 -21 27 21 31 24 4320 3420 0.43 0.47 0.55 0.61
North Sydney
 20 -16 -19 27 21 31 24 4500 3600 0.46 0.51 0.59 0.65
Pictou
 25 -19 -21 27 21 31 24 4310 3410 0.43 0.47 0.55 0.61
Port Hawkesbury
 40 -17 -19 27 21 31 24 4500 3600 0.48 0.53 0.61 0.67
Springhill
 185 -20 -23 27 21 31 24 4540 3640 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Stewiacke
 25 -20 -22 27 21 30 24 4400 3500 0.39 0.43 0.50 0.55
Sydney
 5 -16 -19 27 21 31 24 4530 3630 0.46 0.51 0.59 0.65
Tatamagouche
 25 -20 -23 27 21 31 24 4380 3480 0.43 0.47 0.55 0.61
Truro
 25 -20 -22 27 21 30 24 4500 3600 0.37 0.41 0.48 0.53
Wolfville
 35 -19 -21 28 21 31 24 4140 3250 0.42 0.46 0.54 0.59
Yarmouth
 10 -14 -16 22 19 25 22 3990 3100 0.44 0.48 0.56 0.62
Prince Edward Island
Charlottetown
 5 -20 -22 26 21 30 24 4460 3650 0.44 0.48 0.56 0.62
Souris
 5 -19 -21 27 21 31 24 4550 3650 0.45 0.50 0.58 0.64
Summerside
 10 -20 -22 27 21 31 24 4600 3690 0.47 0.52 0.60 0.66
Tignish
 10 -20 -22 27 21 31 24 4770 3860 0.51 0.56 0.66 0.73
Newfoundland and Labrador
Argentia
 15 -12 -14 21 18 25 22 4600 3620 0.59 0.65 0.75 0.83
Bonavista
 15 -14 -16 24 19 28 22 5000 4000 0.66 0.73 0.84 0.92
Buchans
 255 -24 -27 27 20 31 24 5250 4240 0.47 0.52 0.60 0.66
Cape Harrison
 5 -29 -31 26 16 30 20 6900 5920 0.47 0.52 0.60 0.66
Cape Race
 5 -11 -13 19 18 23 22 4900 3900 0.82 0.90 1.05 1.16
Channel-Port aux Basques
 5 -13 -15 19 18 23 22 5000 4000 0.61 0.67 0.78 0.86
Corner Brook
 35 -16 -18 26 20 30 23 4760 3770 0.43 0.47 0.55 0.61
Gander
 125 -18 -20 27 20 31 24 5110 4110 0.47 0.52 0.60 0.66
Grand Bank
 5 -14 -15 20 18 24 22 4550 3570 0.58 0.64 0.74 0.81
Grand Falls
 60 -26 -29 27 20 31 24 5020 4020 0.47 0.52 0.60 0.66
Happy Valley-Goose Bay
 15 -31 -32 27 19 31 23 6670 5700 0.33 0.36 0.42 0.46
Labrador City
 550 -36 -38 24 17 28 20 7710 6710 0.31 0.34 0.40 0.44
St. Anthony
 10 -25 -27 22 18 26 22 6440 5380 0.68 0.75 0.87 0.96
Stephenville
 25 -16 -18 24 19 28 23 4850 3860 0.45 0.50 0.58 0.64
St. John's
 65 -15 -16 24 20 28 23 4800 3810 0.61 0.67 0.78 0.86
Twin Falls
 425 -35 -37 24 17 28 21 7790 6880 0.31 0.34 0.40 0.44
Wabana
 75 -15 -17 24 20 27 23 4750 3760 0.59 0.65 0.75 0.83
Wabush
 550 -36 -38 24 17 28 20 7710 6710 0.31 0.34 0.40 0.44
Yukon
Aishihik
 920 -44 -46 23 15 27 19 7500 6500 0.27 0.28 0.38 0.40
Dawson
 330 -50 -51 26 16 30 19 8120 7100 0.22 0.23 0.31 0.33
Destruction Bay
 815 -43 -45 23 14 27 18 7800 6790 0.42 0.44 0.60 0.63
Faro
 670 -46 -47 25 16 29 20 7300 6310 0.26 0.27 0.35 0.37
Haines Junction
 600 -45 -47 24 14 29 18 7100 6120 0.24 0.25 0.34 0.36
Snag
 595 -51 -53 23 16 27 19 8300 7280 0.22 0.23 0.31 0.33
Teslin
 690 -42 -44 24 15 28 19 6770 5800 0.26 0.27 0.34 0.36
Watson Lake
 685 -46 -48 26 16 30 20 7470 6470 0.26 0.27 0.35 0.37
Whitehorse
 655 -41 -43 25 15 30 19 6580 5610 0.29 0.30 0.38 0.40
Northwest Territories
Aklavik
 5 -42 -44 26 17 29 20 9600 8540 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.42
Behchokǫ̀ / Rae-Edzo
 160 -42 -44 25 17 28 20 8300 7280 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.42
Echo Bay / Port Radium
 195 -42 -44 22 16 25 19 9300 8250 0.41 0.43 0.53 0.56
Fort Good Hope
 100 -43 -45 28 18 31 21 8700 7660 0.34 0.36 0.44 0.46
Fort McPherson
 25 -44 -46 26 17 29 20 9150 8100 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.42
Fort Providence
 150 -40 -43 28 18 32 21 7620 6620 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Fort Resolution
 160 -40 -42 26 18 30 21 7750 6740 0.30 0.32 0.39 0.41
Fort Simpson
 120 -42 -44 28 19 31 22 7660 6660 0.30 0.32 0.39 0.41
Fort Smith
 205 -41 -43 28 19 32 22 7300 6310 0.30 0.32 0.39 0.41
Hay River
 45 -38 -41 27 18 31 21 7550 6550 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.37
Inuvik
 45 -43 -45 26 17 30 20 9600 8540 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.42
Mould Bay
 5 -44 -46 11 8 15 12 12900 11730 0.45 0.47 0.58 0.61
Norman Wells
 65 -43 -45 28 18 31 21 8510 7480 0.34 0.36 0.44 0.46
Tungsten
 1340 -49 -51 26 16 30 20 7700 6700 0.34 0.36 0.44 0.46
Ulukhaktok / Holman
 10 -39 -41 18 12 23 16 10700 9600 0.67 0.70 0.86 0.90
Wrigley
 80 -42 -44 28 18 31 21 8050 7040 0.30 0.32 0.39 0.41
Yellowknife
 160 -41 -44 25 17 29 20 8170 7150 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.42
Nunavut
Alert
 5 -43 -44 13 8 18 12 13030 11860 0.59 0.62 0.75 0.79
Arctic Bay
 15 -42 -44 14 10 19 14 11900 10760 0.43 0.45 0.55 0.58
Arviat
 5 -40 -41 22 16 27 20 9850 8780 0.45 0.47 0.58 0.61
Baker Lake
 5 -42 -44 23 15 28 19 10700 9600 0.42 0.44 0.54 0.57
Eureka
 5 -47 -48 12 8 17 12 13500 12310 0.43 0.45 0.55 0.58
Igluligaarjuk / Chesterfield Inlet
 10 -40 -41 20 14 25 18 10500 9410 0.44 0.46 0.56 0.59
Iqaluit
 45 -40 -41 17 12 21 16 9980 8900 0.51 0.54 0.65 0.68
Iqaluktuuttiaq / Cambridge Bay
 15 -41 -44 18 13 23 17 11670 10540 0.39 0.41 0.50 0.53
Isachsen
 10 -46 -48 12 9 17 13 13600 12410 0.47 0.49 0.60 0.63
Kangiqiniq / Rankin Inlet
 10 -41 -42 21 15 26 19 10500 9410 0.47 0.49 0.60 0.63
Kanngiqtugaapik / Clyde River
 5 -40 -42 14 10 19 14 11300 10180 0.43 0.45 0.55 0.58
Kugluktuk / Coppermine
 10 -41 -43 23 16 27 19 10300 9210 0.36 0.38 0.46 0.48
Nottingham Island
 30 -37 -39 16 13 21 17 10000 8920 0.61 0.64 0.78 0.82
Resolute
 25 -42 -43 11 9 16 13 12360 11210 0.46 0.48 0.59 0.62
Resolution Island
 5 -32 -34 12 10 16 14 9000 7960 0.96 1.01 1.23 1.29
Salliq / Coral Harbour
 15 -41 -42 20 14 25 18 10720 9620 0.45 0.47 0.58 0.61

Note A-Table C-1 Historical July Design Temperatures.

Analysis of the energy performance of buildings does not indicate an increased risk of overheating in buildings when mechanical cooling systems are provided and sized using historical July temperatures in the context of a future climate scenario. However, sizing mechanical cooling systems based on future 50-year July temperature projections could result in oversized cooling equipment, which could increase construction costs. Also, the equipment may never experience the elevated temperature condition during its expected service life, which is considerably less than 50 years.
Oversized cooling equipment could decrease the building's energy efficiency and increase energy costs. The oversizing could also lead to increased short-cycling of equipment and to inability of the equipment to meet latent loads, resulting in potentially excessive indoor humidity levels. In addition, increased short-cycling could decrease the service life of the equipment.
Therefore, for the purpose of the design of mechanical cooling system equipment, Table C-1 provides July temperatures based on historical observations.

Impact analysis

The following summarizes the updates to the climate design parameters forming part of NECB Table C-1. The revisions are to account for the potential future climate change effects expected over the 50-year design life of buildings and building components.

January 2.5% Design Temperatures

This parameter is used for the design of heating systems in buildings. The values of this parameter are projected to increase for all reference locations in the future as a consequence of climate warming; therefore, the current historical NECB values are deemed appropriate and are recommended to continue to be used for design. Overall, no change to the NECB 2020 design values of this parameter is expected.

January 1% Design Temperatures

This parameter is also used to design heating systems in buildings. The values of this parameter are projected to increase for all locations in the future as a consequence of climate warming; therefore, the current historical NECB values are considered appropriate and are recommended to continue to be used for design. Overall, no change to the NECB 2020 design values of this parameter is expected.

July 2.5% Dry and Wet Temperatures

This parameter is used for the design of cooling and dehumidifying systems in buildings. To minimize the risk of overheating, the projected values of this parameter are provided for the design of fenestration shading systems, design of advanced fenestration and glazing, and design of the enhanced building envelope. However, for the design of air handling and mechanical cooling equipment, the historical observed values for this parameter are maintained.

Using a July design temperature based on historical observations for the design of mechanical cooling equipment will

• reduce the risk of oversized cooling equipment

• maintain energy efficiency and energy costs for cooling

• minimize equipment short-cycling and maintain service life of equipment

• reduce the risk of excessive indoor humidity levels

Degree Days below 18ºC 

This parameter is used to identify the required levels of insulation in the building. The values for this parameter are projected to decrease for all locations in the future as a consequence of climate change; therefore, the current values are deemed appropriate and are recommended to continue to be used for design. Overall, no change to the NECB 2020 design values of this parameter is expected.

1/10 hourly wind pressure (Q10)

Table 1 is a summary of changes projected for values of this parameter as a consequence of climate change over the typical design life of buildings (50 years).

Table 1. 1/10 Hourly Wind Pressure
Province or Territory Number of Locations ΔQ10 ≤ 0% 0% < ΔQ10 ≤ 5% 5% < ΔQ10 ≤ 10% 10% < ΔQ10 ≤ 15% ΔQ10 > 15%
British Columbia 108 0 15 48 45 0
Alberta 55 0 26 29 0 0
Saskatchewan 31 0 9 22 0 0
Manitoba 24 0 10 14 0 0
Ontario 230 0 0 92 138 0
Quebec 125 0 63 62 0 0
New Brunswick 18 0 0 4 14 0
Nova Scotia 25 0 0 11 14 0
Prince Edward Island 4 0 0 2 2 0
Newfoundland and Labrador 18 0 0 8 10 0
Yukon 9 0 9 0 0 0
Northwest Territories 17 0 5 12 0 0
Nunavut 16 0 11 5 0 0
Total 680 0 148 309 223 0

Across the 680 locations over a 50-year future timeframe, the projected changes in values of this parameter increase ranging from 3.5% to 12%. Since all locations are projected with future increases in Q10, these increased values are the future projected values.

1/50 hourly wind pressure (Q50)

Table 2 is a summary of the changes projected for values of this parameter as a consequence of climate change over the typical design life of buildings (50 years).

Table 2. 1/50 Hourly Wind Pressure
Province or Territory Number of Locations ΔQ50 ≤ 0% 0% < ΔQ50 ≤ 5% 5% < ΔQ50 ≤  10% 10% < ΔQ50 ≤ 15% ΔQ50 > 15%
British Columbia 108 0 23 85 0 0
Alberta 55 0 55 0 0 0
Saskatchewan 31 0 31 0 0 0
Manitoba 24 0 24 0 0 0
Ontario 230 0 0 230 0 0
Quebec 125 0 125 0 0 0
New Brunswick 18 0 0 18 0 0
Nova Scotia 25 0 0 25 0 0
Prince Edward Island 4 0 0 4 0 0
Newfoundland and Labrador 18 0 0 18 0 0
Yukon 9 0 9 0 0 0
Northwest Territories 17 0 17 0 0 0
Nunavut 16 0 16 0 0 0
Total 680 0 300 380 0 0

Across the 680 locations over a 50-year future timeframe, the projected changes in this parameter range from 5% to 10%. Since all locations are projected with future increases in Q50, the increased values are the future projected values. Where changes are greater than 5%, the design of air barriers would need to account for increased pressure.

References

(1) Cannon, A.J., Jeong, D.I., Zhang, X., and F. W. Zwiers. Climate-resilient buildings and core public infrastructure 2020: an assessment of the impact of climate change on climatic design data in Canada. Issued by Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2020.

(2) Hong, H. P., Tang, Q., Yang, S. C., Cui, X. Z., Cannon, A. J., Lounis, Z., and Irwin, P. (2021). Calibration of the design wind load and snow load considering the historical climate statistics and climate change effects. Structural Safety, 93, 102135.

Enforcement implications

There are no foreseeable enforcement implications.

Who is affected

Designers, architects, building regulators and building owners.

OBJECTIVE-BASED ANALYSIS OF NEW OR CHANGED PROVISIONS

NECB20 Div.B Appendix C (first printing)

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